wangari maathai primary sources

Maathai was shaped by her rural environmentin which she lived on her mothers farmas well as her missionary education and later, by her education in the United States and Germany. 12. With Wairimu Nderitu, Mukami Kimathi: Mau Freedom Fighter (Nairobi, Kenya: Mdahalo Bridging Divides, 2017); and Caroline Elkins, Britains Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (London: The Bodley Head, 2014), 237238. Upon her divorce, her ex-husband insisted that she drop his surname. 49. Among them were the activists and the brokers of power. Wangari Maathai, The Challenge for Africa: A New Vision (London: William Heinemann, 2009); on culture, 160183; and on mother tongues, 220226. In her lifetime, Dr. Wangari Maathai authored four books and numerous scientific publications. xcbdg`b`8 $1{0@@"$Q$x;A,u me`b H5 dw Instead the state officials preferred to create divisions among the GBM leadership rather than banish it. Interviews held on various dates in 2018 and 2019 with Prof. Wanjiku Kabira, Rev. They returned to Kenya soon after independence. Dr. Samuel Kobia, Annetta Miller, Harold Miller, Ms . stream Maathais elder brother Nderitu was the first in the family to attend school, thereby creating a positive image of schooling and serving as an inspiration to his sister. Maathais mother, her brother Nderitu, and another member of the family made this critical decision, which would open the doors for Maathai to quality education in Kenya and eventually in the United States, thus introducing her to international networks which were to shape her future. endobj At college in the United States, she found it confusing to be referred as Miss Wangari. It's teamwork. Maathais knowledge of the German language (which was a minor subject during study for her first degree) became useful as it enabled her to interact with the German lecturers who were assisting with the establishment of a school of veterinary medicine. Kelly reflects on juggling motherhood and chasing the news. 50, Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1987; and Njuguna, Ngethe and Karuti, Kanyinga, The Politics of Development Space: The State and NGOs in the Delivery of Basic Services in Kenya, Working Paper, Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1992. Maathai interacted on a daily basis with women who were decision-makers and leaders. Elsewhere, especially in the Rift Valley, where people were embroiled in state-sponsored ethnic conflicts since the early 1990s, Maathai joined with the churches, democratic activists, civil society organizations, international and local press to highlight atrocities committed against nonKalenjin ethnic communities in various parts of the Rift Valley. In this regard, Nyeri was the epicenter of the freedom struggle. 56. When you do it alone you run the risk that when you are no longer there nobody else will do it. It diverted her critical energies from the issues that were dear to the GBM. The degree was conferred by the President of Kenya, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, then Chancellor of University College, Nairobi. 44. Primary Sources. Wangari Maathai (1940-2011) was the founder of the Green Belt Movement and the Wangari Maathai Institute. Wanyiri Kihoro, Never Say Die: The Chronicle of a Political Prisoner (Nairobi, Kenya: East African Education Publishers, 1998). Wangari Muta Maathai Anchor was a prominent Kenyan environmental and political activist. During the period when Maathai was acquiring her education in Kenya and the United States (19521966), the respective colonial and independent governments were undertaking far-reaching agricultural reforms in central Kenya. One of Maathais remarkable gifts and indeed a notable strength was her ability to build alliances between local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and international NGOs, with environmental celebrities, activists, and the press, thereby raising local and global awareness of grassroots environmental issues. On her demise, she was accorded a state funeral by the Kenyan government. Though such encounters in colonial Kenya were often limited, Maathai strived to base these relationships on equality, freedom, dignity, learning, and mobilization in common pursuit of sustainable development. First, it is necessary to interrogate and appreciate the less than ideal circumstances under which the GBM rose and flourished. Wangari Maathai: storyteller She resigned from her comfortable position at the University of Nairobi to contest a by-election in a rural constituency. 25 0 obj It became known as the home of renowned Mau Mau freedom fighters, outstanding postcolonial leaders, and intellectuals.4 Leaders such as the legendary freedom fighter Dedan Kimathi, former President Mwai Kibaki, and Wangari Maathai had their beginnings in the district. Women were in control and were making the vital decisions at home, in the village, and at school. Another volume, The Challenge for Africa (2009), criticized Africas leadership as ineffectual and urged Africans to try to solve their problems without Western assistance. Most studies have focused on the societal importance of marriage and the negative effects of divorce on families. The GBM was launched under the auspices of the National Council of Women of Kenya (NCWK), an umbrella organization which brought grassroots womens organizations together for the advancement of women. Hence the dynamics of local and international forces coalesced in the work of the GBM. There, Maathai changed her first baptismal name and became a staunch member of the Legion of Mary, which encouraged the values of service and volunteering. Maathai, Wangari. Maathai was educated in the United States at Mount St. Scholastica College (now Benedictine College; B.S. Her marriage brought another challenge in terms of what she could be called. This left the NCWK in a precarious financial situation and effected the severing of relationships with many grassroots organizations. In the forests of Aberdares and Mount Kenya, guerilla warfare was intense. This source greatly helped my understanding of the Accordingly, she adopted new Christian names, to later abandon them in favor of her African names, a saga repeated upon marriage and divorce.13, In 1956, Maathai took another important step in her education journey by joining Loreto High School, Limuru. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Events around this election occasioned unsolicited media publicity for Maathai. Cyrus G. Mutiso, Kenya: Politics Policy and Society (Nairobi, Kenya: East African Literature Bureau, 1975), 145, described the concept Asomi as Africans who early on acquired missionary education and differentiated themselves from those who had no Western education. The subsequent handling of the divorce proceedings by the judiciary and the press seem to point out the quandary of how marriages of educated women were then perceived. However, no healing of the scars inflicted on you, I am convinced, can equal the soothing of the Nobel Peace Prize you have now won. 16. In the following year, despite political and ethnic maneuvers, she was elected to the position of chairperson and re-elected repeatedly until 1987, when she retired from the position. Ecologist Wangari Maathai won the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize for her years of work with women to reverse African deforestation. 30. Her interactions with other womenher mother, teachers, and grassroots womenalso had a great impact on her work and commitment. Maathai shared her amazing life story with the world in the 2006 memoir Unbowed. Maathai was a pragmatic rather than a dogmatic figure, with no rigid ideological stance in her engagement with the environment and the politics of Kenya. In 1977, Maathai founded a grassroots organization, the Green Belt Movement, focused on reforestation to promote sustainability and establish financial income for women in the region. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). She also became a keen and influential player in the spectrum of international conferences.51, Maathais life was intricately related to the predicament of women. The women formed an important constituency of this work which politicians could not ignore. Then she was confronted with the fact that she had no job nor house to live inhard realities. Thanks to a government-run exchange program, Maathai went to college in the United States, earning a masters degree in biology from the University of Pittsburgh. The continued existence of the Karura Forest in the outskirts of Nairobi city is another hallmark of her courage. Wangari Muta married Mwangi Mathai in 1969. Mwangi, on the other hand, was working for a private corporation and was a business entrepreneur with political ambitions. Commission of Inquiry (Public Service Structure and Remuneration Commission), Kenya, Report of the Commission of Inquiry (Public Service Structure and Remuneration Commission) 19701971: D. N. Ndegwa (Nairobi, Kenya: [The Commission], 1971); and Michael Cowen and Kabiru Kinyanjui, Some Problems of Capital and Class in Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya: Institute for Development Studies, 1977). The GBM is thus credited with developing a culture of planting trees during important family, community, and national events. Later Years and Death. The life of Wangari Muta Maathai (19402011) was strongly shaped by her rural environment, missionary education, and exposure to university education in the United States and Germany. She sat for the Kenya Primary Examination in 1951 and scored Grade One. of the University of Nairobi, March 11, 2005. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Maathai was a frequent contributor to international publications such as the Los Angeles Times and the Guardian. Africentrism. Nevertheless, it was not easy balancing bringing up three children, earning a living, carving her identity, as well as navigating through turbulent political waters.29. 29. In 2004, Prof. Maathai became the first African woman to be awarded a Nobel Peace Prize "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace". An interview with Joshua S. Muiru, November 2019. In his memoir, Dreams in a Time of War: A Childhood Memoir (Nairobi, Kenya: Kenway Publications, 2010), 110, Ngugi Wa Thiongo narrates similar experiences in regard to speaking Gikuyu in school. The most important dates and events in the current school year can be found in our calendar. Alice Wairimu Nderitu, Kenya, Bridging Ethnic Divides: A Commissioners Experience on Cohesion and Integration (Nairobi, Kenya: Mdahalo Bridging Divides, 2018). She appealed to environmental and peace constituencies in the global development establishment and was heartily recognized. 17. Maathai is still remembered for her determined and persistent efforts to safeguard Uhuru Park and the Karura Forest for future generations, for her solidarity with mothers of political detainees, as well as her relentless efforts for peace and to end election-related violence in the Rift Valley region and in the country since 1992 when multiparty politics were allowed. It also gave her increased international exposure which provided some degree of political protection and a platform to highlight issues related to the environment. Individual ownership of land and the introduction of cash crops drastically altered how people related to their environment.25 The indigenous trees were cut to prepare ground for planting coffee, tea, and wetlands; sacred groves and common grazing areas were subdivided, shared, and privatized.26 The consequences of these changes were observed by the young Maathai and responded to by the GBM in the 80s and 90s. She was tasked with domestic chores as was expected of young girls in traditional society. Dr. Samuel Kobia, the former general secretary of the World Council of Churches (WCC), November 2018, indicate Wangari participated in the early debates at the WCCs Conference on Faith, Science, and the Future at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1979); and in the Church and Society Committee of the WCC. As a young girl growing up in Kenya, Wangari was surrounded by trees. 54. The overall objective was to control the politics of womens empowerment.33 The National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK) was also a victim of a similar tactic when it became a fierce critic of the authoritarian tendencies of the Moi regime. The United Nations (UN) conferences in the 70s provided the base for global debates on environment and equality for women that dominated the rest of the 20th century and beyond. The first attempt in 1982 was blocked; in the 1997 attempt, she failed to secure a seat. This was a joint program between the University of Giessen and University College, Nairobi. But as land consolidation and registration went on in central Kenya, it was men who were registered as owners, although it was women who cultivated the land. Thus she became Wangari Muta Maathai, asserting her African identity and freedom to be known and called by the names she wanted (Maathai, Unbowed, 147). In 2005 ten heads of state of countries bordering Congo Basin recognized her by giving her the title of goodwill ambassador for the Congo Basin rainforest ecosystema responsibility which she cherished.61 I remember once visiting her office to find her immersed in the study of French so as to discharge the responsibilities of the new position. These forms of marginalization of women were common in Kenya. This affinity with the soil became a great asset when she led tree-planting campaigns. << /Pages 45 0 R /Type /Catalog >> Researching ticks at the University of Nairobi also exposed Maathai to the environmental degradation taking place in rural Kenya and its impact on the livelihoods of rural women. Perchance they helped Maathai consolidate her thinking and understanding of environmental issues in Kenya and helped her to identify follow up actions that needed to be taken. << /Filter /FlateDecode /S 128 /Length 115 >> That the GBM withstood and survived harassment from the government of Kenya and its security apparatuses was a testimony to the strength and capacity of these networks. The influence of the nuns began in this school and continued all the way to university. Maathai and other writers have described at length the methodologies and approaches utilized by the GBM to reach out to rural women, building awareness regarding the needs of the environment and the adoption of relevant innovations.31 Such were the modalities and characteristics of the movement, resulting in a culture of tree planting that was nurtured widely among Kenyans. The Early Years and Education "It was during the mbura ya njahi - the season of long rains, in 1940 that Wangari Maathai was born. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This may have shaped her strong ecumenical stance evident in later years. University of Nairobi Research Archive, Citation on Professor Wangari Muta Maathai on her Conferment of the Honorary Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) At the same time, Maathais life was greatly influenced by the splendor and simplicity of rural Gikuyu community life, values which subsequently engaged with Western education and religion, with ethnic and gender biases, and with state power and international development thinking. Our school calendar. She had a bucolic childhood spent in the rural Kenyan countryside and was sent to St. Cecilia Intermediary, a mission school, for her primary education. She affirmed earth and water, air and the waning fire of the sun combine to form the essential elements of life and reveal to me my kinship with the soil.63. Wangari Maathai was a Kenyan environmental and political activist who dedicated her life to promoting sustainable development, democracy, and human rights. However, they were still straddling the line between their traditional culture and Western values.27 Their wedding was solemnized according to Gikuyu traditions and Western Christian trappings. She was baptized Miriam at the Presbyterian Church of East Africa, Ihithe, to become Miriam Wangari. Political activist and environmentalist Wangari Maathai was trained to be a leader. Wangari Maathai obtained a degree in Biological Sciences from Mount . She began teaching in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy at the University of Nairobi after graduation, and in 1977 she became chair of the department. While undertaking her studies, Maathai learned how Christianity practiced in American, European, and African societies blended well with their dominant cultures. By mobilizing women to plant and care for trees, Maathai changed the thinking and practices of conserving the environment at a time when dominant global thinking on the environment and womens role in society was grappling for transformation. These experiences emboldened her to fight against ethnic discrimination and gender inequalities which she encountered in the same institution and in the country generally. In 1955, people were moved to concentration villages to pacify the region and to sever access to vital supply lines and community support that had supported the resistance fighters.18 It was in the context of the Mau Mau freedom struggle that Maathai received her education at St. Cecilia Intermediate Primary School and later Loreto High School, Limuru. Wangari Maathai came from a family of Athomi (Maathai, Unbowed, 1112). Professor Wangari Muta Maathai was born to Muta Njugi and his wife Wanjiru Muta in Nyeri, Kenya on 1st April 1940. Kibicho, God and Revelation, 72168. Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, African History. Wangari Maathai, environmental activist and politician, born 1 April 1940; died 25 . She had become a global figure. Wangari Maathai Lesson Plan: Individual's Contributions Grade Levels: 3-5, 6-8 *Click to open and customize your own copy of the Wangari Maathai Lesson Plan . The death of Wangari Muta Maathai on September 25, 2011, left a rich heritage that continues to inspire men and women, old and young, and indeed the entire world as it grapples with the challenges of sustainable development goals and climate change. Wangari Maathai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004, in recognition of her work with the Green Belt Movement, a group that organizes disadvantaged women in Africa to plant trees in order to preserve the environment and improve women' quality of life. Local experiences also infused global thinking and appreciation of struggles for democratic governance, peace, and sustainable development. The experience of discrimination at the Department of Zoology led Maathai to look for opportunities elsewhere. M. P. K. Sorrenson, Land Reform in Kikuyu Country (London: Oxford University Press, 1967). Discussions held with Rev. Wangari Maathai was the first African woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize. The drift toward authoritarianism had emerged in the late 60s and 70s under Kenyas first President, Jomo Kenyatta, and was consolidated in the 80s with the ascendancy of the Moi regime.47 One party rule was legalized, and dissent was punished by arbitrary arrests, torture, and detention without trial.48 Maathai took up the leadership of the NCWK and subsequently as a coordinator of the GBM as state control and surveillance was intensified. Her husband insisted on her adopting his surname. 27. 34. Wangari Maathai, in full Wangari Muta Maathai, (born April 1, 1940, Nyeri, Kenyadied September 25, 2011, Nairobi), Kenyan politician and environmental activist who was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize for Peace, becoming the first Black African woman to win a Nobel Prize. Two years later, she shifted along with her parents to a farm near Rift Valley where her father had found work. At the insistence of her mother and her brother Nderitu, Maathai was enrolled at a Presbyterian church Primary School, Ihitheand there began her exposure to Western education.8 This experience ignited a passion for education, which Maathai captured in later writings: How I longed to be able to write something and rub it out. Wangari recognised rural women's primary interest and role in maintaining a productive landscape, for assuring food needs as well as making daily household necessities - water and fuel - easier to collect. Then she assumed the position of full-time coordinator of the GBM.36. 36. The accompanying population explosion also meant more people needed to be fed, educated, and their various needs provided for. Despite the complexities and diversions that characterized her career, Wangari Maathai did succeed in the promotion and execution of important ideas and projects whose time had come.41 Eventually in 2002, on her third attempt, she was elected as a member of the Kenyan parliament and as a member of the National Rainbow Coalition which emerged out of the ashes of the dying authoritarian rule of Moi and KANU. In many instances she learned by imitating what her mother and other village women were doing. Upon entry into St. Cecilias Intermediate Primary School, she embraced Roman Catholic teachings, especially the Legion of Mary. She was not deterred by personal abuse and threats, and today this open space in the center of Nairobi is a testimony of her courage, persistence, and foresight. During this period the GBM thrived, leading to the recognition of Maathai. Among these were the rapid transformation that took place in the countryside, especially in central Kenya where Maathai grew up, and the impact this transformation had on the environment, which in turn shaped the concerns that the GBM raised. Further information about these conferences can be found in the Links to Digital Materials section. Daniel Branch, Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 19632012 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 249251; and Karuti Kanyinga and Duncan Okello, eds., Tensions and Reversals in Democratic Transitions: The Kenya 2007 General Elections (Nairobi, Kenya: Society for International Development and Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 2010), 169. And commitment decisions at home, in the United States at Mount St. College. Is necessary to interrogate and appreciate the less than ideal circumstances under which the GBM and. Soil became a great asset when she led tree-planting campaigns to secure a seat up Kenya! 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